March 2008 – Page 3 – Seabrooke Leckie

My recent night life

I have been hard at work the last little bit trying to wrap up some reports I have due this weekend. Almost done! It will be a relief to wrap up another project (not to mention, get paid for it). However, I did have a chance to go out owling with Blackburnian recently. We didn’t see much, and nothing responded to our attempts at calls. The one bird that was very obliging for us was the above Barred Owl.

Barred Owls are very cooperative birds. While many owls will take off if you approach too close, start making noise, or just generally begin doing weird things like flashing bright lights at them, Barred Owls will often just sit there and observe you. One has to wonder what’s going through their head as they do so. Curiosity? Amusement? This one is from last winter. He does kinda look like he’s laughing at me.

Barred Owls are one of the most frequently heard owls at my parents’ place. They’re often more common than Great Horned Owls, surprisingly. As such, I have a bit of a soft spot for Barred Owls. I love the patterns of their feathers. You can certainly see how they get their name. Their closely related sister species, the Spotted Owl, is an endangered bird of the western old growth forests (and therefore under considerable contention among different groups). Here, the Barred Owl suffers no similar scrutiny, but it has actually been slowly increasing in abundance, likely in part related to the maturation of many forests in the southern part of the province where old fields have returned to forest.

What big, glowing eyes you have. Owls have some amazing adaptations that help them detect and capture their prey. Here you can see the giant eyes that allow them excellent vision in the dark. However, because of the positioning of their ears, with one being higher than the other, owls can actually triangulate using just sound, and can capture prey in pitch blackness. The round facial disc also acts as an acoustic parabola, amplifying sounds and directing them to the ears.

Another adaptation of owls is their ability to fly nearly silently. They have special barbs on the front of their flight feathers which minimize the turbulence of air flowing over the wing. There are two hypotheses of why they have this adaptation. The first, and most obvious, is that it allows them to sneak up on prey better. But hawks also hunt small rodents and don’t require this adaptation. Another hypothesis is that it allows them to hear better, by minimizing the sound of air tumbling over the wings, which is important when sound is such a key hunting tool.

In the above photo you can also just barely see the front talons poking out from the bird’s breast feathers. Barred Owls have massive, powerful feet and talons that allow them to latch onto their prey items when they grab them. In the fall, TTPBRS does Northern Saw-whet Owl banding, and because saw-whets are a prey item of Barred Owls, there’s always the potential to catch one of these big owls in the net. Fortunately, we never have. I say fortunately because, although I would love to have the opportunity to see one of these beautiful birds up close, I have no desire to get anywhere near those feet!

Cotton candy for blackbirds

Edit: This post was recently included in the 182nd edition of the Friday Ark, a blog carnival focusing on animals of all sorts.

I’m sure we’ve all seen these in our local wetlands, cattail heads that have become all poofed out as winter progresses, like so much cotton-candy on sticks. I’d never given it much thought before, and if I had I suppose I’ve just assumed that the fluff has something to do with the cattail releasing its seeds to the wind, much like milkweed does.

A few weeks ago, my mom bought the book Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity (with a photographic guide to insects of eastern North America) by Stephen A. Marshall. Steve Marshall is a prof at the University of Guelph, where I did my undergrad, and was one of the instructors leading the Ecuador field course that I took. I didn’t spend much time with him (I knew the other prof better), but he was a really nice guy. So I thought it was cool that Mom had got this book, and I sat down to leaf through it. I was primarily interested in the 40-someodd pages of moth plates, and while flipping through those I spotted an image of fluffy cattail heads. Intrigued, I read the plate caption associated with the figure.

Turns out, those fluffy cattail heads you see in the middle of winter aren’t just the cattail doing its thing. Sure, it will naturally begin to loosen the fluff and lose some to the wind. But the cotton-candy formations? They’re the work of a tiny, drab little moth called the Shy Cosmet (Limnaecia phragmitella). Its caterpillars are appropriately known as Cattail Caterpillars. They feed on the seeds of the cattail in the fall and spring, overwintering inside the head as a larva. In late spring they pupate and emerge as an adult moth in early summer.

In order to ensure that they have a secure home for the entire duration of their stay, they spin tiny silken threads that act as a web holding all the fluff inside. The cattail will still loosen its seeds from the stalk to try to spread them on the wind, but the caterpillar’s netting holds them in place. The result is a rather lumpy cotton-candy appearance.

I thought this was all pretty cool, so I did a bit of searching on the web and discovered a post about the Shy Cosmet, made recently, by Gerry Wykes at Naturespeak (he calls Detroit home, so is within my rather broad neck of the woods). In it he brought in a cattail head and gently dissected it to expose the caterpillars hiding within. Now, I suppose I could have just taken him at his word, but I really wanted to go out and have a look for myself. Insatiable curiosity. In the name of science, of course. I brought in two heads for good measure, and opened them up in a tub to contain any wandering worms.

Gerry indicated that it would take a moment or two for the caterpillars to poke their heads out of the fluff, that they wouldn’t be immediately visible. So I sat there and patiently waited. And waited. Nothing happened. No heads, no tails even, not a hint of movement. I’ll admit that they should all be dormant at this time of year, but since he’d had such luck with his coming out as soon as they were warm, I was beginning to wonder if I’d picked a dud cattail head, one that really was simply just loosening up its fluff.

So I started gently teasing apart the clumps. I found lots of what looked to be frass in with all the seed heads. The seeds are tiny, flat and boxy at the end, and brownish in colour. The frass, on the other hand, was gray and round, spherical. There was lots of it, but no caterpillars associated with any of it.

Finally, after standing with my head bent over this dish for many minutes, I discovered one. Only one, just a single, lone, under-developed caterpillar. Perhaps the cattail head had already been picked over by foraging birds and this was the only guy to have survived. Perhaps there never were many to begin with, maybe I missed one or two. But I went through the entire two cattail heads and only found one. By the time I was done, they looked like this:

Here’s the caterpillar. I found him tucked in a clump of relatively undisturbed fluff, nearly comatose. He wiggled a bit when I first picked him out, but didn’t go anywhere. Gerry was describing his caterpillars crawling all over the place, making getting a good photo difficult. Mine was very photogenic.

This is the caterpillar posed with my mom’s finger for scale. He was tiny. Tiny tiny. This is why I wouldn’t be surprised if I missed a couple others, although I was paying close attention. Below is the caterpillar beside a measuring tape. You’re looking at the inches side of the tape. Each one of those black dashes is 1/16″. See? Tiny tiny, it’s not that my mom has big fingers…

I actually found the dried husk of an older caterpillar in the fluff as I was starting to clean up. This gives you an idea of what it should grow to before pupating. He’s got a ways to go.

These little caterpillars form one of the primary food sources for Red-winged Blackbirds upon their arrival here in the spring. It seems like they’d need to eat a lot of them to get much nutrition, but evidently it works for them. A couple springs ago I got a photo of a female Red-wing poking at cattail heads. I thought at the time she was looking for nesting material, but having learned this, it seems apparent that she was actually searching for caterpillars. Who knew? Cotton candy indeed.

As for the book, I highly recommend it. It’s got great photos for an identification reference, and excellent information to complement them. The notable entomologist E.O. Wilson is quoted on the cover: “I wish I’d had Stephen Marshall’s book when I started out in entomology. Its countless photographs and notes bring alive the vast diversity of the insect world.” That’s like Roger Tory Peterson endorsing a bird reference book. There’s so much cool stuff in the book, lots to look at. The only downside: it weighs a tonne. Probably almost literally. At 730 pages and nearly two inches thick, a field guide it’s not. Still, it has the best collection of printed moth photos I’ve seen, plus so much other stuff, I ended up getting a copy myself (should be in the mail). It retails in store for $95, though generally cheaper online, but I found a copy on eBay for $33 plus shipping, so if you look around you should be able to get a good deal on it. Amazon has it on sale for $60. It’s also got a couple images of inside the book so you can take a peek before you buy.

Attempted murder with eyewitness

The oppossum was about again this evening. He (or she – you can tell sex by size, but there’s overlap, and the measurements I’ve read are in weight, not length, which is difficult to gauge without picking the animal up) actually showed up late afternoon, when there was still a couple of hours of daylight left. I spotted him sitting on a low branch in the crabapple tree behind the house, near the feeders, just chillin’. Perhaps waiting for dusk? We put out some wet cat food near the base of the tree where he would eventually need to come down to. He let me get exceptionally close, perhaps five or six feet, and just kept an eye on me. I really hope he’s finding enough to eat. I know from my experience working with wild birds that it’s often hard to judge a malnourished animal simply based on appearance, sometimes all the layers of fur or feathers can disguise their actual body shape (ever washed a cat? They go from looking like a robust, sleek predator to a rather good imitation of the proverbial drowned rat).

When I arrived at my parents’ this morning, there were birds singing. Even though we got another dump of snow over the weekend and the snowbank at the foot of the driveway is now probably 7 feet high, and Mom has dug laneways (they’re more than just paths, they’re bordering on tunnels) into the foot-and-a-half of snow around the feeders (I’m sure there’s more snow below, but it’s been compacted enough to walk on), and the temperature today was below freezing… despite all that, it felt like spring was on the air, and the birds seemed to sense it. Chickadees were singing their typical “fee-bee” song (I’ve always thought it sounded more like “hee-hoo”, but that’s what most field guides say, anyway). Several juncos were singing their beautiful bell-like trill, the first juncos I’ve heard singing this spring (mark it on the calendar!). Even the nuthatch was getting into it by adding his fast “ainh-ainh-ainh-ainh-ainh!” interspersed between his slower “ainh, ainh, ainh” calls. The juncos were staying rather well hidden in the spruce trees when I went out to try to capture one singing. This was the best photo I could manage, which would actually have been decent if it weren’t for the twigs in front of his face. That’s bird photography for you.

I made Zick dough yesterday, and brought it with me to put out this morning when I arrived. My mom had a little dish that had originally housed hens-and-chickens one summer, but which was later used for birdseed, and then retired. It seemed appropriate for putting the suet dough out in, so I filled the bowl up and put it out in the middle of the feeder array. This is what it looked like all day. I may try moving it closer to one of the active feeders in the hopes of attracting some attention tomorrow. It may help that they’re calling for (yet more) snow tomorrow morning.

My dad was heading out this evening when he heard some screaming coming from behind the house, and glanced over just in time to witness an aborted murder attempt (a caution that the following images may not be suitable for everyone, although there’s very little in terms of graphic detail).

I went out with my camera to see if I could reconstruct the crime scene. The first thing I noted was the location where the attack had taken place. Fairly evident from the deep impressions in the snow, and a couple tufts of fur sitting lightly on the surface. Looking closer, some speckles of blood, but not a lot. I see some rabbit tracks to one direction, but it’s difficult to discern the tracks of the predator. Evidently a light-footed creature, but its identity is a mystery.

The deeper impressions in the snow look like the rabbit was forced onto its side, but it’s hard to tell. You can see what might be the marks of a face and ear one one side of the elongated body shape, and a long tail mark to the other side. But it’s not distinct, and I’m only guessing.

Looking at the tracks coming in, it appears the rabbit was coming from the shelter of the spruce trees across the open snow with the intent of picking up the packed-down trail at the side of the barn and following that. The other tracks, what little I can see, seem to suggest that the predator was lying in wait just behind a hole at the bottom of the barn door, and leapt out to great the rabbit as it approached. The rabbit put the brakes on in an attempt to turn tail, but wasn’t fast enough, and was pushed onto its side, where the predator managed to tear out a bit of fur. My dad coming out of the house at a rather inopportune time startled the predator and the rabbit’s life was spared by some rather lucky timing. Although, by the same token, the predator was denied its meal by some rather unlucky timing.

That would be about all I’d be able to tell just from the tracks in the snow. However, add in the eyewitness account of my dad, and the predator is revealed to be a weasel in its sleek white winter coat. I am very sad that I missed seeing the whole drama, not least of all because of the characters involved. I’ve only ever seen a weasel once, also in winter, as a long, narrow, white flash zipping across the road. Not much of a look. I’m not sure we’ve had a record of a weasel at my parents’, either. If we have, it would’ve been many years ago.

Short-tailed weasels are circumpolar, meaning they’re found throughout the entire northern hemisphere. They’re called stoats in Europe, and in their white winter coat are usually referred to as ermine. Long-tailed weasels are restricted to the Americas. I’m not sure which species the individual would have been, but I’m guessing short-tailed (the smaller of the two) based on my dad’s description of the event in which he suggested the weasel was “holding on to the rabbit’s foot” or something similarly small-animal-ish. Both species eat rabbits, and the short-tailed was actually introduced into New Zealand in a misguided attempt to control the island’s introduced rabbit population. Instead, the weasel has nearly single-handedly threatened or caused the extinction of several endemic New Zealand bird species. Of course… you can’t blame it, it’s just being a weasel.

Memes and memoirs

I completely forgot about daylight saving time being today. Fortunately, it’s Sunday, and there was nowhere we had to be this morning. In past years, daylight saving has taken place in April, which is after the start of the field season, so if you slept in accidentally, you’d have volunteers waiting for you to show up at the research station. This works out better.

I was tagged yesterday by Wrenaissance Reflections to participate in a meme that’s been circulating some of the blogs I read. I don’t participate in a lot of memes usually, but the ones that are novel or interesting can be fun to do.

The word “meme” (pronounced “meem”) was coined by Richard Dawkins in his book The Selfish Gene (which I’ve actually read, for a university course). In it he describes the idea that natural selection acts at the level of the gene (or the phenotypic manifestation of the gene, anyway), rather than the whole organism, and that a gene favoured by natural selection will be passed on whether or not it’s in the best interest of the organism (hence the idea of a “selfish” gene). He used the word meme to describe a cultural unit that propogates itself socially, in a manner like that of genes, in that it’s replicated from one individual to the next through speech or action, with interesting, practical or generally strong ideas or trends catching on, and weaker ones “dying out” and going extinct. Factors that influence the survival of genes, such as mutation, variation and competition, also affect the survival of memes.

Dawkins created the word from the Greek mimeme, meaning to imitate, and shortened it to sound like “gene”. He gave as examples things like tunes, clothing fashion, manufacturing techniques, new words and current buzzwords, cultural beliefs, etc. The idea of a meme as an online game or task passed between friends wasn’t within his original focus, but it does fit his definition, and these days the word “meme” has come to refer to these things. I suppose, as a kid, in the days before the internet got big, those chain letters or postcard projects you’d get in the mail with threats of bad luck should you break the chain were another form of memes.

Wikipedia has a lot of info on memes, and it’s an interesting read. Certainly there’s more information there than I can present in a short blog post.

Anyway, back to Wren’s meme tag. The current meme in question was started by BookBabie, after she read a book review of a memoir and her husband suggested she should write one (a memoir, not a book review). She commented that her memoir would be much too short, but later stumbled on a book called Not Quite What I Was Planning: Six-Word Memoirs by Writers Famous and Obscure. The book is based on a story that Hemingway once bet he could sum up (his life? a fictional life?) in six words, which he did with “For Sale: baby shoes, never worn.” The idea appealed to BookBabie and she started up the meme, which has really caught on, favoured by the natural selection of cultural pressures that Richard Dawkins has described. Proof of this is in the fact that I’ve never heard of BookBabie before following the link in the meme back to her blog, and yet here I am, doing her meme.

The rules, faithfully copied-and-pasted from blog to blog as the meme gets passed along, are as follows:

1. Write your own six word memoir

2. Post it on your blog and include a visual illustration if you’d like

3. Link to the person that tagged you in your post and to this original post if possible so we can track it as it travels across the blogosphere

4 .Tag five more blogs with links

5. And don’t forget to leave a comment on the tagged blogs with an invitation to play!

I had to give this a lot of thought, and I checked out a number of other people’s 6-word memoirs while doing so. Bookbabie’s was “This too shall pass, I hope.” Wren, who tagged me, wrote, “Cynicism and enchantment coexist within me.” Jennifer of A Passion for Nature wrote, “She never cared much for sun.” Beth from Beth’s Stories wrote, “Happy mom loves to climb mountains.” Ruth at Nature Knitter wrote, “Knitting and nature rock my world.” You can keep tracking them back to the taggers, or spend quite a lot of time reading the comments and trackbacks on BookBabie’s original post.

As far as my own tags, a lot of the blogs I follow have already posted their own 6-word memoir. However, I don’t think Nina of Nature Remains, Mary of Mary’s View, Susannah of Wanderin’ Weeta, or Carolyn at Roundtop Ruminations have played yet, so to these four, and anyone else who’d like to – tag, you’re it… but only if you want to!

I had come up with a half dozen and actually settled on a take-off from Hemingway’s classifieds-themed one at first: Lost: curious heart, answers to Nature. So much of my life and my interest is wrapped up in the outdoors and nature that you can sum a lot up in that. But, it’s not the whole me, and I wasn’t completely satisfied with that. There’s more to me that isn’t touched upon by that statement. My creative side, my artwork and need to work hands-on. My desire to share my knowledge with interested people and the enjoyment I take from that. Also, aspects of my personality. Those who know me in person know me to be a very quiet person, shy at times, independent and often a bit of a loner. But if you get me talking on a subject close to my heart, I can open right up. I’m good at hiding my shyness, usually, and am friendly and open with people, and I love to share things and teach interested people.

I was reading a completely unrelated website when something within it sparked a thought. And so I wrote this, which I think sums me and my life up nearly completely:

From deep within, a quiet song

Comfort food

Hot on the heels of the snowstorm on Wednesday, we’re receiving another good pile of snow today. It’s still blowing fiercely out there, a good stiff wind whipping clouds of white powder down from the sky and up from the ground and carrying it off nearly horizontally (the Weather Network says it’s gusting to 52 km/h, or 32 mph). I had to go out to my car briefly around 10 this morning, and even by that early hour there were already about 4 inches of powdered snow accumulated. I haven’t been out since, but my guestimate from looking out the window is that it’s more than doubled, perhaps now at 10 inches.

I’m back in the city, and we have no spot for a feeder in our balcony-less, yard-less apartment, so I have no mobs of birds to watch, although I’m sure there would be plenty there today if we did have a feeder out. My mom reports that the feeders have been very active all day, and she’s refilled the finches’ nyger feeder twice. Days like today it’s extremely important for birds to keep their energy levels up by eating, because they need to expend a lot to keep warm against the cold and winds. Unfortunately, days like today it’s also difficult to come by food readily in the natural environment, so artificially-stocked feeders are usually very busy as birds take advantage of this abundant and easy food source.

If a bird has the ability to feed on a range of food types (some birds are specialists simply by their bill design), they’ll usually choose the source that is the most energy-rich, generally those with the most fats. Fatty seeds include sunflower (particularly black oil), safflower and nyger, as well as peanuts. Suet becomes an increasingly important food source to many species as well. Since it’s nearly pure fat, with seeds mixed in, it’s a very easy source of energy.

The species that come to suet regularly through the winter are the ones that subsist, at least in part, on overwintering insects or insect larvae. Woodpeckers, nuthatches and chickadees, all birds that will naturally forage under bark and in crevices through the cold months for spiders, grubs, and other dormant insects, favour suet regardless of the weather. In the above photo, a Hairy Woodpecker has chased a Downy from the feeder. Aside from the size difference, you can also notice the spots on the white tail feathers on the Downy, while the Hairy lacks them. The bill size and shape relative to the depth of the head is another good characteristic, but you can’t see the Downy’s bill here.

When the weather turns sour, more species are more likely to give suet a try. Most North American species will feed on insects as part of their diet during summer months, since insects are so abundant, so making the switch to suet isn’t an entirely unnatural move. However, it’s a little strange to see juncos pecking at the suet block like a woodpecker!

The American Tree Sparrows were willing to give it a try, too. Here one shares the feeder with a Downy Woodpecker. My mom has two types of suet feeders up, one that holds the traditional square blocks, and another one that is a block of wood with large holes drilled in it, into which you insert cylinders of suet. For whatever reason, it’s this wooden feeder that’s the most popular with most of the birds, even when both are available. Perhaps because it mimics their natural feeding behaviour/habitat better?

Even the crow seemed willing to consider the suet. It sat there for a minute or two contemplating the block, before deciding it either wasn’t feasible or wasn’t worth the effort, and taking off.

You can also buy commercial suet in bell shapes, but I haven’t known them to be as popular with birds (of course, if it’s all that’s available, they’ll be quiet happy to feed from it). Occasionally small-town grocery stores might hand-make suet balls from fatty scraps from their meat department (my mom bought these for a number of years from a local grocer, and the birds loved them).

A female Hairy checks out the first-of-spring female starling who’s sucking back her tasty suet, shortly before she chases the starling off.

One downside to many suets is that when the weather warms up, they have a tendency to start melting, and you end up with a pile of soft suet on the ground under the feeder, where it may or may not be eaten. If you’re the sort to put out birdfeed throughout the year this usually eliminates suet from the summer spread. Some companies, such as Wild Birds Unlimited, sell no-melt suet doughs that can withstand higher temperatures.

Of course, if you’re the ambitious hands-on sort, you can always make your own suet. Julie Zickefoose has a recipe that’s colloquially known across the blogosphere as “Zick dough”, a sort of suet dough that is incredibly popular with birds (especially her bluebirds). The Owl Box even suggests it to be akin to “bird crack”. More bluebirds over at Journey Through Grace, juncos at A Spattering, Black-headed Grosbeaks at Chickadee Chatter, great variety over at Mary’s View and Hasty Brook. Birds go crazy for it.

Do a Google search for “Zick dough” (with quotes, so you get the words as a phrase) and you’ll be amazed at the astounding number of hits you get! My search returned about 680 English pages (I skimmed the first dozen or so for the above examples). Since I don’t have a feeder here I haven’t yet given it a try, but my mom suggested I do up a batch this weekend and bring it out next week to try it, so I’m going to do that. We don’t have bluebirds back yet, but I’m sure the rest of the birds will love it. From everything I’ve heard, it is THE food to put out to attract birds to your backyard!